IRS Announcements

2017 Tax Cuts & Jobs Act (TCJA)

January 24, 2018January 2, 2018 by Stephen P Scott, CPA

On December 22, 2017, the President signed into law the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA). TCJA is the largest tax overhaul since the 1986 Tax Reform Act and it will affect almost every individual and business in the United States. Generally, the new law goes into effect in 2018, with many of the provisions relating to individuals expiring at the end of 2025.

I’m writing to give you a brief rundown of what’s in the new law and how it might affect you.

Overview of TCJA Changes Affecting Individuals

The following is a brief overview of TCJA’s key changes (and non-changes) affecting individuals.

Tax Rates and Brackets. TCJA provides seven tax brackets, with most rates being two to three points lower than the ones under present law (the top rate goes from 39.6 percent to 37 percent). The top rate kicks in at $600,000 of taxable income for joint filers, $300,000 for married taxpayers filing separately, and $500,000 for all other individual taxpayers.

Observation: While applicable rates at any given level of income generally go down by two to three points, some go up. For example, the rate for single individuals with taxable income between $200,000 and $416,700 goes from 33 percent to 35 percent.

Capital Gain Rates and Net Investment Income Tax. Tax rates on capital gains and the 3.8 percent net investment income tax (NIIT) are unchanged by TCJA.

Personal Exemptions and Standard Deduction. TCJA repeals the personal exemption deductions, but nearly doubles the standard deduction amounts to $24,000 for joint filers and surviving spouses, $18,000 for heads of household, and $12,000 for single individuals and married filing separately (additional amounts for the elderly and blind are retained).

Observation: The fact that the standard deduction has nearly doubled may create the misleading impression that you’ll reap a large tax benefit from the change. But, because the increase in the standard deduction was coupled with the repeal of the deduction for personal exemption ($4,150, per exemption in 2018), the actual benefit is fairly modest. For example, the overall amount of income that is exempt from tax will increase by $2,700 for joint filers – a nice increase, but nowhere near double the $13,000 standard deduction under prior law.

Because the standard deduction is generally claimed only when its amount exceeds available itemized deductions, the increases will not benefit you if you itemize (the repeal of personal exemptions, by contrast, will affect you whether you itemize or not).

Exemption for Dependents and Child Tax Credit. As part of the repeal of personal exemption deductions, TCJA repealed exemptions for dependents. To compensate, TCJA increases the child tax credit to $2,000 ($1,400 is refundable), up from $1,000 (fully refundable) under present law. The modified adjusted gross income threshold where the credit phases out is $400,000 for joint filers and $200,000 for all others (up from $230,000 and $115,000, respectively). The maximum age for a child eligible for the credit remains 16 (at the end of the tax year).

TCJA also provides a $500 nonrefundable tax credit for dependent children over age 16 and all other dependents. Most families with non-child dependents will lose some ground here, as the $500 credit will generally be less valuable than the $4,150 exemption deduction it replaces.

Other Tax Breaks for Families Unchanged. The child and dependent care expenses credit, the adoption credit, and the exclusions for dependent care assistance and adoption assistance under employer plans are all unchanged by TCJA.

Passthrough Tax Break. TCJA creates a new 20 percent deduction for qualified business income from sole proprietorships, S corporations, partnerships, and LLCs taxed as partnerships. The deduction, which is available to both itemizers and nonitemizers, is claimed by individuals on their personal tax returns as a reduction to taxable income. The new tax break is subject to some complicated restrictions and limitations, but the rules that apply to individuals with taxable income at or below $157,500 ($315,000 for joint filers) are simpler and more permissive than the ones that apply above those thresholds.

Example: In 2018, Joe receives a salary of $100,000 from his job at XYZ Corporation and $50,000 of qualified business income from a side business that he runs as a sole proprietorship. Joe has no other items of income or loss. Joe’s deduction for qualified business income in 2018 is $10,000 (20 percent of $50,000).

Observation: The effective marginal tax rate on qualified business income for individuals in the top 37-percent tax bracket who are able to fully apply the new deduction will be 29.6 percent – fully 10 points lower than the top rate under current law.

Deduction for State and Local Taxes (SALT). TCJA imposes a $10,000 limit on the deduction for state and local taxes, which can be used for both property taxes and income taxes (or sales taxes in lieu of income taxes) and repeals the deduction for foreign property taxes. There is no limit on the amount of the SALT deduction under present law.

Mortgage Interest Deduction. TJCA reduces to $750,000 (from $1 million) the limit on the loan amount for which a mortgage interest deduction can be claimed by individuals, with existing loans grandfathered. TCJA also repeals the deduction for interest on home equity loans.

Deduction for Medical Expenses. An early version of the tax overhaul passed by the House would have repealed the deduction for unreimbursed medical expenses. TCJA retains that deduction and enhances it for 2017 and 2018 by lowering the adjusted gross income (AGI) floor for claiming the deduction from 10 percent to 7.5 percent for all taxpayers.

Deduction for Casualty and Theft Losses. TCJA repeals the deduction for casualty and theft losses, except for losses incurred in presidentially declared disaster areas.

Observation: The new law does, however, provide enhanced relief for victims in federally declared disaster areas in 2016 and 2017.

Deduction for Charitable Contributions. TCJA retains the charitable contribution deduction and increases the maximum contribution percentage limit from 50 percent of a taxpayer’s contribution base to 60 percent for cash contributions to public charities.

Deduction for Certain Miscellaneous Expenses. TCJA repeals the deduction for any miscellaneous itemized deductions subject to 2-percent of AGI floor.

Repeal of Alimony Deduction. TCJA repeals the deduction for alimony paid and also the corresponding inclusion in income by the recipient, effective for tax years beginning in 2019. Alimony paid under separation agreements entered into prior to 2019 will generally be grandfathered under the old rules.

Education-Related Tax Breaks Preserved. TCJA retains deductions for student loan interest and educator expenses, and also exclusions for graduate student tuition waivers and employer educational assistance programs.

Alternative Minimum Tax. TCJA increases alternative minimum tax (AMT) exemption amounts by 27 percent, and sharply increases the income level where the exemption is phased out. Combined with the effects of other TCJA changes, many individuals who are currently subject AMT in 2017, will not be in 2018 and beyond.

Expanded Uses for 529 Plan Distributions. TCJA allows up to $10,000 in aggregate 529 distributions per year to be used for elementary and secondary school tuition. Under present law, 529 distributions can only be used for higher education expenses.

Repeal of Individual Healthcare Mandate. TCJA repeals the tax penalty on individuals who fail to carry health insurance enacted as part of the Affordable Care Act (ACA).

Estate and Gift Tax Exclusion. TCJA permanently doubles the basic exclusion amount for estate and gift tax purposes from $5.6 to $11.2 million. A provision fully repealing the estate tax beginning in 2025 was passed by the House, but didn’t make it into TCJA, so the estate tax will remain in effect with the higher exclusion amount.

Concluding Thoughts

As you can see, the provisions in the TCJA are quite extensive and also quite complicated.

Going forward, we can discuss how these changes will impact your tax situation through additional tax planning outside of the filing season, and what kind of strategies we can considering adopting to ensure that you get the best possible outcomes under the new rules.

Contact Stephen Scott, CPA at info@scottcpa.com.
or call 314-984-9829 Ext. 11

Identity Theft & Taxes

June 11, 2021March 25, 2015 by Stephen P Scott, CPA

The 2015 tax filing season seems to be riddled with tax scams and identify theft. The IRS has used the term “rampant” to describe the situation when I spoke with them. I’ve seen two situations occur recently.

1) Falsely Filed Tax Returns:
I have spoken with many other CPAs, the IRS, and clients; and we’ve seen a lot of this going on. Taxpayers have had their Social Security Numbers stolen and tax returns falsely filed on their behalf, many times with another, unrelated person, male or female. The IRS is sending out notices in some instances asking if you filed the tax return. Be sure to respond to this notice in a timely manner so the return does not get processed. One taxpayer actually received a refund at their home mailing address when he had not yet filed a return himself yet…we’re still scratching our heads trying to figure that one out.

2) Message from Fake IRS Agents: We’ve heard a lot about these messages and it has been in the news recently in St Louis. I’ve received one of these calls myself. They typically say that your account has been audited and you owe some balance. They don’t appear to have your Social Security Number, just your phone number, name and address. They are tracking who they call and will only speak with you if they have your name and phone number in their database. In my case it was an obvious call from India. I recorded a call with the would-be-scammer and will post the conversation shortly. Don’t fall for their tactics, and, if you’re not sure if its real call your CPA and ask for assistance.

IRS Identity Theft Page: https://www.irs.gov/uac/Taxpayer-Guide-to-Identity-Theft

– Steve Scott

Small Businesses Using Payroll Service Companies

October 26, 2011September 9, 2011 by Stephen P Scott, CPA

Outsourcing payroll duties to third-party service providers can streamline business operations and save on internal employee and software costs, but employers should be aware that employers are ultimately responsible for paying federal tax liabilities, not the payroll service.

In recent years there have been prosecutions of individuals and companies who, acting under the guise of a payroll service provider, have stolen funds intended for payment of employment taxes. It is important that employers who outsource payroll are aware of the following three tips:

1. Employer Responsibility:
The employer is ultimately responsible for the deposit and payment of federal tax liabilities. Even though
you forward the tax payments to the third party to make the tax deposits, you, the employer, are the responsible party.

If the third party fails to make the federal tax payments, the IRS may assess penalties and interest. The employer is liable for all taxes, penalties and interest due. The IRS can also hold you personally liable for certain unpaid federal taxes.

2. Correspondence:
If there are any issues with an account, the IRS will send correspondence to the address of record. The IRS strongly suggests you do not change the address of record to that of the payroll service provider. That could limit your ability to stay informed of tax matters involving your business.

3. EFTPS:
Choose a payroll service provider that uses the Electronic Federal Tax Payment System. You can register on the EFTPS system to get your own PIN to verify the payments. Visit www.eftps.gov to create an EFTPS account for your business.

As a small business owner or manager, it’s important to stay in tune with all aspects of your business whether you outsource certain functions or perform them in-house. Mistakes can happen. Be sure to stay on top of any payroll related tax notices, and ensure your payroll provider takes prompt action and follows through to final resolution. Additionally, any payroll IRS or state payroll tax issues need to be documented properly in your files in case you need this documentation again at a later date, should the problem “re-appear”. You can also work with your CPA to help you navigate these payroll issues to ensure they are handled appropriately.

IRS Announces New Effort to Help Struggling Taxpayers Get a Fresh Start

February 25, 2011 by Stephen P Scott, CPA

IR-2011-20, Feb. 24, 2011

WASHINGTON — In its latest effort to help struggling taxpayers, the Internal Revenue Service today announced a series of new steps to help people get a fresh start with their tax liabilities.

The goal is to help individuals and small businesses meet their tax obligations, without adding unnecessary burden to taxpayers. Specifically, the IRS is announcing new policies and programs to help taxpayers pay back taxes and avoid tax liens.

“We are making fundamental changes to our lien system and other collection tools that will help taxpayers and give them a fresh start,” IRS Commissioner Doug Shulman said. “These steps are good for people facing tough times, and they reflect a responsible approach for the tax system.”

Today’s announcement centers on the IRS making important changes to its lien filing practices that will lessen the negative impact on taxpayers. The changes include:

Significantly increasing the dollar threshold when liens are generally issued, resulting in fewer tax liens.
Making it easier for taxpayers to obtain lien withdrawals after paying a tax bill.
Withdrawing liens in most cases where a taxpayer enters into a Direct Debit Installment Agreement.
Creating easier access to Installment Agreements for more struggling small businesses.
Expanding a streamlined Offer in Compromise program to cover more taxpayers.

“These steps are in the best interest of both taxpayers and the tax system,” Shulman said. “People will have a better chance to stay current on their taxes and keep their financial house in order. We all benefit if that happens.”

This is another in a series of steps to help struggling taxpayers. In 2008, the IRS announced lien relief for people trying to refinance or sell a home. In 2009, the IRS added new flexibility for taxpayers facing payment or collection problems. And last year, the IRS held about 1,000 special open houses to help small businesses and individuals resolve tax issues with the Agency.

Today’s announcement comes after a review of collection operations which Shulman launched last year, as well as input from the Internal Revenue Service Advisory Council and the National Taxpayer Advocate.

Tax Lien Thresholds

The IRS will significantly increase the dollar thresholds when liens are generally filed. The new dollar amount is in keeping with inflationary changes since the number was last revised. Currently, liens are automatically filed at certain dollar levels for people with past-due balances.

The IRS plans to review the results and impact of the lien threshold change in about a year.

A federal tax lien gives the IRS a legal claim to a taxpayer’s property for the amount of an unpaid tax debt. Filing a Notice of Federal Tax Lien is necessary to establish priority rights against certain other creditors. Usually the government is not the only creditor to whom the taxpayer owes money.

A lien informs the public that the U.S. government has a claim against all property, and any rights to property, of the taxpayer. This includes property owned at the time the notice of lien is filed and any acquired thereafter. A lien can affect a taxpayer’s credit rating, so it is critical to arrange the payment of taxes as quickly as possible.

“Raising the lien threshold keeps pace with inflation and makes sense for the tax system,” Shulman said. “These changes mean tens of thousands of people won’t be burdened by liens, and this step will take place without significantly increasing the financial risk to the government.”

Tax Lien Withdrawals

The IRS will also modify procedures that will make it easier for taxpayers to obtain lien withdrawals.

Liens will now be withdrawn once full payment of taxes is made if the taxpayer requests it. The IRS has determined that this approach is in the best interest of the government.

In order to speed the withdrawal process, the IRS will also streamline its internal procedures to allow collection personnel to withdraw the liens.

Direct Debit Installment Agreements and Liens

The IRS is making other fundamental changes to liens in cases where taxpayers enter into a Direct Debit Installment Agreement (DDIA). For taxpayers with unpaid assessments of $25,000 or less, the IRS will now allow lien withdrawals under several scenarios:

Lien withdrawals for taxpayers entering into a Direct Debit Installment Agreement.
The IRS will withdraw a lien if a taxpayer on a regular Installment Agreement converts to a Direct Debit Installment Agreement.
The IRS will also withdraw liens on existing Direct Debit Installment greements upon taxpayer request.

Liens will be withdrawn after a probationary period demonstrating that direct debit payments will be honored.

In addition, this lowers user fees and saves the government money from mailing monthly payment notices. Taxpayers can use the Online Payment Agreement application on IRS.gov to set-up with Direct Debit Installment Agreements.

“We are trying to minimize burden on taxpayers while collecting the proper amount of tax,” Shulman said. “We believe taking away taxpayer burden makes sense when a taxpayer has taken the proactive step of entering a direct debit agreement.”

Installment Agreements and Small Businesses

The IRS will also make streamlined Installment Agreements available to more small businesses. The payment program will raise the dollar limit to allow additional small businesses to participate.

Small businesses with $25,000 or less in unpaid tax can participate. Currently, only small businesses with under $10,000 in liabilities can participate. Small businesses will have 24 months to pay.

The streamlined Installment Agreements will be available for small businesses that file either as an individual or as a business. Small businesses with an unpaid assessment balance greater than $25,000 would qualify for the streamlined Installment Agreement if they pay down the balance to $25,000 or less.

Small businesses will need to enroll in a Direct Debit Installment Agreement to participate.

“Small businesses are an important part of the nation’s economy, and the IRS should help them when we can,” Shulman said. “By expanding payment options, we can help small businesses pay their tax bill while freeing up cash flow to keep funding their operations.”

Offers in Compromise

The IRS is also expanding a new streamlined Offer in Compromise (OIC) program to cover a larger group of struggling taxpayers.

This streamlined OIC is being expanded to allow taxpayers with annual incomes up to $100,000 to participate. In addition, participants must have tax liability of less than $50,000, doubling the current limit of $25,000 or less.

OICs are subject to acceptance based on legal requirements. An offer-in-compromise is an agreement between a taxpayer and the IRS that settles the taxpayer’s tax liabilities for less than the full amount owed. Generally, an offer will not be accepted if the IRS believes that the liability can be paid in full as a lump sum or through a payment agreement. The IRS looks at the taxpayer’s income and assets to make a determination regarding the taxpayer’s ability to pay.

2010 Child Tax Credit Tips

February 19, 2011 by Stephen P Scott, CPA

Ten Facts about the Child Tax Credit

The Child Tax Credit is an important tax credit that may be worth as much as $1,000 per qualifying child depending upon your income. Here are 10 important facts from the IRS about this credit and how it may benefit your family.

Amount – With the Child Tax Credit, you may be able to reduce your federal income tax by up to $1,000 for each qualifying child under the age of 17.
Qualification – A qualifying child for this credit is someone who meets the qualifying criteria of six tests: age, relationship, support, dependent, citizenship, and residence.
Age Test – To qualify, a child must have been under age 17 – age 16 or younger – at the end of 2010.
Relationship Test – To claim a child for purposes of the Child Tax Credit, they must either be your son, daughter, stepchild, foster child, brother, sister, stepbrother, stepsister or a descendant of any of these individuals, which includes your grandchild, niece or nephew. An adopted child is always treated as your own child. An adopted child includes a child lawfully placed with you for legal adoption.
Support Test – In order to claim a child for this credit, the child must not have provided more than half of their own support.
Dependent Test – You must claim the child as a dependent on your federal tax return.
Citizenship Test – To meet the citizenship test, the child must be a U.S. citizen, U.S. national, or U.S. resident alien.
Residence Test – The child must have lived with you for more than half of 2010. There are some exceptions to the residence test, which can be found in IRS Publication 972, Child Tax Credit.
Limitations – The credit is limited if your modified adjusted gross income is above a certain amount. The amount at which this phase-out begins varies depending on your filing status. For married taxpayers filing a joint return, the phase-out begins at $110,000. For married taxpayers filing a separate return, it begins at $55,000. For all other taxpayers, the phase-out begins at $75,000. In addition, the Child Tax Credit is generally limited by the amount of the income tax you owe as well as any alternative minimum tax you owe.
Additional Child Tax Credit – If the amount of your Child Tax Credit is greater than the amount of income tax you owe, you may be able to claim the Additional Child Tax Credit.

Small Business Payroll Taxes Update – 2011 2% Employee Cut

February 11, 2011 by Stephen P Scott, CPA

I am posting this as reference for small business owners regarding 2011 payroll. As part of the Job Creation Act of 2010 the employees’ social security withholding rate was reduced from 6.2% to 4.2%. Please be aware that the Employer’s rate remains at 6.2%, so don’t just double your employee withholding amount when calculating your 941 payroll tax deposits.

Employee SS Withholding Rate: 4.2%
Employer SS Expense Rate: 6.2%

For those companies that process payroll internally please be sure to implement these changes by January 31. Any extra amounts withheld from employee checks due to late implementation must be reimbursed to employees by March 31, 2011.

IRS Notice 1036 contains important information for employers to review. I have provided links below both for Notice 1036 and Publication 15 (aka Circular E), the Employers Tax Guide.

Notice 1036
IRS Publication 15 – Employers Tax Guide

2011 Standard Mileage Rates

October 26, 2011December 3, 2010 by Stephen P Scott, CPA

WASHINGTON, Dec 3, 2010 — The Internal Revenue Service today issued the 2011 optional standard mileage rates used to calculate the deductible costs of operating an automobile for business, charitable, medical or moving purposes.

Beginning on Jan. 1, 2011, the standard mileage rates for the use of a car (also vans, pickups or panel trucks) will be:

51 cents per mile for business miles driven
19 cents per mile driven for medical or moving purposes
14 cents per mile driven in service of charitable organizations

The standard mileage rate for business is based on an annual study of the fixed and variable costs of operating an automobile. The rate for medical and moving purposes is based on the variable costs as determined by the same study. Independent contractor Runzheimer International conducted the study.

A taxpayer may not use the business standard mileage rate for a vehicle after using any depreciation method under the Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS) or after claiming a Section 179 deduction for that vehicle. In addition, the business standard mileage rate cannot be used for any vehicle used for hire or for more than four vehicles used simultaneously.

Taxpayers always have the option of calculating the actual costs of using their vehicle rather than using the standard mileage rates